{"id":143,"date":"2026-01-05T11:58:59","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T04:58:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cenre.org\/?page_id=143"},"modified":"2026-01-05T16:29:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T09:29:03","slug":"tri-tue-nhan-tao-tinh-toan-va-ung-dung-trong-nganh-tai-nguyen-va-moi-truong","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cenre.org\/en\/tri-tue-nhan-tao-tinh-toan-va-ung-dung-trong-nganh-tai-nguyen-va-moi-truong\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng &#8211; M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/cenre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE-APPLICATIONS-IN-THE-FIELD-OF-NATURAL-RESOURCES-AND-ENVIRONMENT-Lesson-1.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Lesson 1.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b24b6bed-49b2-4e71-9bd6-482cb633c8cb\" href=\"https:\/\/cenre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE-APPLICATIONS-IN-THE-FIELD-OF-NATURAL-RESOURCES-AND-ENVIRONMENT-Lesson-1.pdf\">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Lesson 1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/cenre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE-APPLICATIONS-IN-THE-FIELD-OF-NATURAL-RESOURCES-AND-ENVIRONMENT-Lesson-1.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-b24b6bed-49b2-4e71-9bd6-482cb633c8cb\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B\u00e0i s\u1ed1 1. M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><strong><\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong><\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; TS Nguy\u1ec5n D\u01b0 Khang<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><\/em><strong><em>Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/em><\/strong><em>&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>TTNT<\/em>)<em> l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o. <\/em><em>Trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 4.0 hi\u1ec7n nay, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. <\/em><em>Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 duy: TTNT truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 TTNH t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a TTNT t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0: m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (<\/em><em>neural network)<\/em><em>, h\u1ec7 m\u1edd (Fuzzy system), c\u00e2y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (dicision tree),\u2026 Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00e1m.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>T\u1eeb kho\u00e1<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>: <\/em><\/strong><em>M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron, n\u01a1 ron, kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. Song, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u00f2n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y quy lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron sinh h\u1ecdc. Ti\u1ebfp theo, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u00a0M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron sinh h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 b\u1eadc cao l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (n\u01a1 ron) th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Kho\u1ea3ng 10<sup>11<\/sup> n\u01a1 ron th\u1ea7n kinh tham gia v\u00e0o g\u1ea7n 10<sup>15<\/sup> k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t. M\u1ed7i n\u01a1 ron c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0: ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a theo c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u00ecnh 1 cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. Xung quanh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh tr\u1ee5c, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u00e1nh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. C\u1eb7p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i, truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u00f3a, ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nh\u00e1nh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;D\u00e2y tr\u1ee5c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>H\u00ecnh 1. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Khi t\u1ed5ng k\u00edch th\u00edch trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch, g\u1eedi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u d\u1ecdc theo d\u00e2y tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00e1c. Trong m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron<\/em><\/strong> (neural network) &#8211; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh 2, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i. M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 qua m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>N\u01a1 ron<\/em><\/strong> (neuron)<strong><em> <\/em><\/strong>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh sinh h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ee9c x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111i ti\u1ebfp.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i<\/em><\/strong> (synapse) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai n\u01a1 ron. Kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tham s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1, nh\u1edd n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb n\u01a1 ron n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1 ro kh\u00e1c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L\u1edbp v\u00e0o<\/em><em> <\/em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u1ea9n<\/em><em> <\/em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; L\u1edbp ra<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>x<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>x<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>x<\/em><em><sub>n<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>H\u00ecnh 2. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u1edbp: l\u1edbp v\u00e0o thu nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin (m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c), c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u1ea9n x\u1eed l\u00fd trung gian th\u00f4ng tin (m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf) v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ra x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (m\u00e0u xanh lam).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron trong m\u1ea1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 n\u01a1 ron v\u00e0o, n\u01a1 ron \u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u01a1 ron ra. Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung n\u01a1 ron chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb&nbsp; hay n\u01a1 ron bias (m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng) nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ra \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c\/v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed7i n\u01a1 ron c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o (input data) v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra (output data), \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp v\u00e0o input = output, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin. Ri\u00eang n\u01a1 ron chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra b\u1eb1ng 1 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01a1 ron<\/em><\/strong> trong m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1 ron chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf h\u00ecnh 3. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 X = (<em>x<\/em><sub>1<\/sub>, <em>x<\/em><sub>2<\/sub>,\u2026, <em>x<\/em><em><sub>n<\/sub><\/em>)<sup>T<\/sup>, trong \u0111\u00f3, <em>n<\/em> &#8211; l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. M\u1ed7i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o <em>x<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 <em>w<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>(<em>i<\/em> = 1 \u00f7 <em>n<\/em>). K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e9c t\u01a1 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 W = (<em>w<\/em><sub>1<\/sub>, <em>w<\/em><sub>2<\/sub>,\u2026, <em>w<\/em><em><sub>n<\/sub><\/em>).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><br><em>x<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><br><br><em>x<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><br><br>&#8230;<br><br><br><em>x<\/em><em><sub>n<\/sub><\/em><br><br><\/td><td><em>w<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><br><em>w<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><br><br><br><br><br><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w<\/em><em><sub>n<\/sub><\/em><br><\/td><td><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u03a3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <sub>I<\/sub>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; F&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>H\u00ecnh 3. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u01a1 ron (tr\u1eeb n\u01a1 ron v\u00e0o v\u00e0 n\u01a1 ron chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;n<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><\/em>I<em> = <\/em>W.X =<em> <\/em>\u03a3<em> x<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em><em> w<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em><em> .<\/em><em> <\/em><em><\/em><em> <\/em><em><\/em><em> <\/em><em><\/em><em> <\/em><em><\/em>(1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><em>i=1<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><\/em>T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: O = F(I), (2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3, F &#8211; l\u00e0 h\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m sao cho \u0111\u1ea7u ra O c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong kho\u1ea3ng [0, 1] ho\u1eb7c [-1, 1].&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0m d\u1ea1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc (step), h\u00e0m d\u1ea5u (sign), h\u00e0m logic (sigmoid) v\u00e0 h\u00e0m tang hyperbol (hyperbolic tangent).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00e0m d\u1ea1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; n\u1ebfu x \u2265 0 &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>F(x) = step(x) = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 0&nbsp; n\u1ebfu x &lt; 0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00e0m d\u1ea5u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; n\u1ebfu x \u2265 0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>F(x) = sign(x) = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -1 n\u1ebfu x &lt; 0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><\/em><\/strong>H\u00e0m sigmoid c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng (h\u00ecnh 4, <em>a<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>F(x) = sigmoid(x) = 1\/(1 + e<sup>-x<\/sup>), (5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb [0, 1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng:&nbsp; F\u2019(x) = F(x).(1 \u2013 F(x)). (6)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; H\u00e0m tang hyperbol c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng (h\u00ecnh 4, <em>b<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>F(x) = th(x) = (e<sup>2x<\/sup> \u2013 1)\/(e<sup>2x<\/sup> + 1), (7)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 \u00e2m (-) v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u01a1ng (+). H\u00e0m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong kho\u1ea3ng [-1, 1]. N\u1ebfu trong m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng:&nbsp; F\u2019(x) = 1 \u2013 F(x)<sup>2<\/sup>. (8)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; O<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/cenre.org\/8a4afcda-308a-4445-a4d8-57c8a9f0d9dc\" width=\"222\" height=\"167\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a)<\/em><\/td><td><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>I<\/td><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; O<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cho \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0441\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/cenre.org\/990a28f5-75ca-474b-81b5-9c9f32634921\" width=\"197\" height=\"142\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b)<\/em><\/td><td><br><br><br><br>I<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>H\u00ecnh 4. C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t. a) H\u00e0m sigmoid; b) H\u00e0m tang hyperbol<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi b\u1ed5 sung n\u01a1 ron chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron \u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u01a1 ron ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u00eam kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00eam c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1. V\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng: X\u2019 = (<em>x<\/em><sub>1<\/sub>, <em>x<\/em><sub>2<\/sub>,\u2026, <em>x<\/em><em><sub>n<\/sub><\/em>, 1)<sup>T <\/sup>v\u00e0 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng: W\u2019 = (<em>w<\/em><sub>1<\/sub>, <em>w<\/em><sub>2<\/sub>,\u2026, <em>w<\/em><em><sub>n<\/sub><\/em>, <em>w<\/em><em><sub>n<\/sub><\/em><sub>+1<\/sub>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron (tr\u1eeb n\u01a1 ron v\u00e0o v\u00e0 n\u01a1 ron chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb) c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;n<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><\/em>I<em> = <\/em>W\u2019. X\u2019 =<em> <\/em>&nbsp;\u03a3<em> x<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em><em> w<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em><em> + w<\/em><em><sub>n+1<\/sub><\/em>. <em><\/em><em> <\/em><em><\/em><em> <\/em><em><\/em><em> <\/em>(9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i=1<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1eeb c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (9), th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ed5 sung n\u01a1 ron chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t sang tr\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c sang ph\u1ea3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 t\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi c\u00f3 ma tr\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i (m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e9c t\u01a1 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e9c t\u01a1 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra). \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ma tr\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; <strong><em>Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng<\/em><\/strong> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron. M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ra. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng v\u00e9c t\u01a1. Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd theo m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c v\u00e9c t\u01a1 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh sao cho m\u1ed7i v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t (h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y) v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t (h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7y).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t<\/em><\/strong> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p. Th\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1eb7p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed t\u1eeb v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng, so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh <strong><em>sai s\u1ed1<\/em><\/strong>. N\u1ebfu sai s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng qua \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m sai s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn khi sai s\u1ed1 trong h\u1ea1n sai cho ph\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 <strong><em>v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p hay k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean (epoch) &#8211; l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfm, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n khi m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sai s\u1ed1 &#8211; l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sau m\u1ed7i v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng. Sai s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sai s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh (Mean Squared Error &#8211; MSE):<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;m<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MSE = \u03a3 (<em>y<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em> \u2013 O<em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em>)<sup>2<\/sup> \/<em>m<\/em>, (10)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i<\/em> =1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3, O<em><sub>i <\/sub><\/em>v\u00e0<em> y<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em> \u2013 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u01a1 ron <em>i<\/em> l\u1edbp ra;<em>&nbsp; m<\/em> \u2013 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 n\u01a1 ron c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sai s\u1ed1 trung ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Root MSE):<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Root MSE = \u221aMSE . (11)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sai s\u1ed1 Arctan b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;m<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Arctan = \u03a3 arctan<sup>2<\/sup>(<em>y<\/em><em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em> \u2013 O<em><sub>i<\/sub><\/em>)\/<em>m<\/em>. (12)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i<\/em> =1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n sai s\u1ed1 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau, song, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 MSE, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Sau m\u1ed7i v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai s\u1ed1, n\u1ebfu sai s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t<\/em><\/strong> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi m\u1ed7i v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, do v\u1eady, v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng sao cho v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo tham s\u1ed1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i r\u1eebng, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u1eb7n,\u2026 C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khu v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u,&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft theo c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian trong n\u0103m, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c; d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o s\u1ea1t l\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edf (bi\u1ec3n, s\u00f4ng,\u2026) theo c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y, \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u00f3ng, c\u01a1 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c; d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o s\u1ea1t l\u1edf, l\u0169 qu\u00e9t,\u2026 trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba; d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\u2026); d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng, h\u1ed3; v.v.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c khoanh vi sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u00e0i s\u1ed1 1. M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; TS Nguy\u1ec5n D\u01b0 Khang T\u00f3m t\u1eaft: Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o&nbsp;(TTNT) l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o. 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